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Administration (Users, Projects, Groups, Institutions, Permissions)

Scope

This Section includes management (creation, updating, deletion) of Users, Projects, Groups, Institutions, and Permissions.

Implementation

All administration functions will be implemented as part of the Knora API in the webapi codebase. There is also a separate web-application as part of DSP-APP and [DSP-TOOLS]{https://github.com/dasch-swiss/dsp-tools} using this API, allowing basic management operations.

Overview

During the initial deployment of a Knora server, the main administration user (root) is created. This root user has the right to do anything.

DSP’s concept of access control is that permissions can only be granted to groups and not to individual users. There are two distinct ways of granting permission. Firstly, an object (a resource or value) can grant permissions to groups of users, and secondly, permissions can be granted directly to a group of users (not bound to a specific object). There are six built-in groups: UnknownUser, KnownUser, Creator, ProjectMember, ProjectAdmin, and SystemAdmin. These groups can be used in the same way as normal user created groups for permission management, i.e. can be used to give certain groups of users, certain permissions, without the need to explicitly create them.

A user becomes implicitly a member of such a group by satisfying certain conditions:

  • knora-admin:UnknownUser:
    Any user who has not logged into Knora is automatically assigned to this group.

  • knora-admin:KnownUser:
    Any user who has logged into Knora is automatically assigned to this group.

  • knora-admin:Creator:
    When checking a user’s permissions on an object, the user is automatically assigned to this group if he is the creator of the object.

  • knora-admin:ProjectMember:
    When checking a user’s permissions, the user is automatically assigned to this group by being a member of a project designated by the knora-admin:isInProject property.

  • knora-admin:ProjectAdmin:
    When checking a user's permission, the user is automatically assigned to this group through the knora-admin:isInProjectAdminGroup property, which points to the project in question.

  • knora-admin:SystemAdmin:
    Membership is received by setting the property knora-admin:isInSystemAdminGroup to true on a knora-admin:User.

To use these build-in groups as values for properties (Object Access and Default Permissions), the IRI is constructed by appending the name of the built-in group to knora-admin, e.g., knora-admin:KnownUser where knora-admin corresponds to http://www.knora.org/ontology/knora-admin#.

Permissions

Up until know, we have mentioned two groups of permissions. The first called object access permissions, which contains permissions that point from explicit objects (resources/values) to groups. The second group of permissions called administrative permissions, and which contains permissions that are put on instances of knora-admin:Permission objects directly affecting groups. There is another, third group of permissions, called default object access permissions which is also put on instances of knora-admin:Permission, and which also directly affect groups.

Object Access Permissions

An object (resource / value) can grant the following permissions, which are stored in a compact format in a single string, which is the object of the predicate knora-base:hasPermissions:

  1. Restricted view permission (RV): Allows a restricted view of the object, e.g. a view of an image with a watermark.
  2. View permission (V): Allows an unrestricted view of the object. Having view permission on a resource only affects the user’s ability to view information about the resource other than its values. To view a value, she must have view permission on the value itself.
  3. Modify permission (M): For values, this permission allows a new version of a value to be created. For resources, this allows the user to create a new value (as opposed to a new version of an existing value), or to change information about the resource other than its values. When he wants to make a new version of a value, his permissions on the containing resource are not relevant. However, when he wants to change the target of a link, the old link must be deleted and a new one created, so he needs modify permission on the resource.
  4. Delete permission (D): Allows the item to be marked as deleted.
  5. Change rights permission (CR): Allows the permissions granted by the object to be changed.

Each permission in the above list implies all lower-numbered permissions.

A user’s permission level on a particular object is calculated in the following way:

  1. Make a list of the groups that the user belongs to, including Creator and/or ProjectMember and/or ProjectAdmin if applicable.
  2. Make a list of the permissions that she can obtain on the object, by iterating over the permissions that the object grants. For each permission, if she is in the specified group, add the specified permission to the list of permissions she can obtain.
  3. From the resulting list, select the highest-level permission.
  4. If the result is that she would have no permissions, give her whatever permission UnknownUser would have.

The format of the object of knora-base:hasPermissions is as follows:

  • Each permission is represented by the one-letter or two-letter abbreviation given above.
  • Each permission abbreviation is followed by a space, then a comma-separated list of groups that the permission is granted to.
  • The IRIs of built-in groups are shortened using the knora-admin prefix.
  • Multiple permissions are separated by a vertical bar (|).

For example, if an object grants view permission to unknown and known users, and modify permission to project members, the resulting permission literal would be: :

V knora-admin:UnknownUser,knora-admin:KnownUser|M knora-admin:ProjectMember

Administrative Permissions

The following permissions can be set via instances of knora-admin:AdministrativePermission on any group belonging to a project. For users that are members of a number of groups with administrative permissions attached, the final set of permissions is additive and most permissive. The administrative permissions are stored in a compact format in a single string, which is the object of the predicate knora-base:hasPermissions attached to an instance of the knora-admin:AdministrativePermission class. The following permission values can be used:

  1. Resource / Value Creation Permissions:

    1) ProjectResourceCreateAllPermission:

    • description: gives the permission to create resources inside the project.
    • usage: used as a value for knora-base:hasPermissions.

    2) ProjectResourceCreateRestrictedPermission:

    • description: gives restricted resource creation permission inside the project.
    • usage: used as a value for knora-base:hasPermissions.
    • value: RestrictedProjectResourceCreatePermission followed by a comma-separated list of ResourceClasses the user should only be able to create instances of.

  2. Project Administration Permissions:

    1) ProjectAdminAllPermission:

    • description: gives the user the permission to do anything on project level, i.e. create new groups, modify all existing groups (group info, group membership, resource creation permissions, project administration permissions, and default permissions).
    • usage: used as a value for knora-base:hasPermissions.

    2) ProjectAdminGroupAllPermission:

    • description: gives the user the permission to modify group info and group membership on all groups belonging to the project.
    • usage: used as a value for the knora-base:hasPermissions property.

    3) ProjectAdminGroupRestrictedPermission:

    • description: gives the user the permission to modify group info and group membership on certain groups belonging to the project.
    • usage: used as a value for knora-base:hasPermissions
    • value: ProjectGroupAdminRestrictedPermission followed by a comma-separated list of knora-admin:UserGroup.

    4) ProjectAdminRightsAllPermission:

    • description: gives the user the permission to change the permissions on all objects belonging to the project (e.g., default permissions attached to groups and permissions on objects).
    • usage: used as a value for the knora-base:hasPermissions property.

  3. Ontology Administration Permissions:

    1) ProjectAdminOntologyAllPermission:

    • description: gives the user the permission to administer the project ontologies
    • usage: used as a value for the knora-base:hasPermissions property.

The administrative permissions are stored in a compact format in a single string, which is the object of the predicate knora-base:hasPermissions attached to an instance of the knora-admin:AdministrativePermission class.

  • The format of the object of knora-base:hasPermissions is as follows:

    • Each permission is represented by the name given above.
    • Each permission is followed by a space, then if applicable, by a comma separated list of IRIs, as defined above.
    • The IRIs of built-in values (e.g., built-in groups, resource classes, etc.) are shortened using the knora-admin prefix knora-admin:.
    • Multiple permissions are separated by a vertical bar (|).

For example, if an administrative permission grants the knora-admin:ProjectMember group the permission to create all resources (ProjectResourceCreateAllPermission), the resulting administrative permission object with the compact form literal would be: :

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/001
        rdf:type knora-admin:AdministrativePermission ;
        knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/00FF>;
        knora-admin:forGroup knora-admin:ProjectMember ;
        knora-base:hasPermissions "ProjectResourceCreateAllPermission"^^xsd:string .

Default Object Access Permissions

Default Object Access Permissions are used when new objects (resources and/or values) are created. They represent object access permissions with which the new object will be initially outfitted. As with administrative permissions, these default object access permissions can be defined for any number of groups. Additionally, they can be also defined for resource classes and properties.

The following default object access permissions can be attached to groups, resource classes and/or properties via instances of knora-admin:DefaultObjectAccessPermission (described further bellow). The default object access permissions correspond to the earlier described object access permission:

  1. Default Restricted View Permission (RV):

    • description: any object, created by a user inside a group holding this permission, is restricted to carry this permission
    • value: RV followed by a comma-separated list of knora-admin:UserGroup

  2. Default View Permission (V):

    • description: any object, created by a user inside a group holding this permission, is restricted to carry this permission
    • value: V followed by a comma-separated list of knora-admin:UserGroup

  3. Default Modify Permission (M) accompanied by a list of groups.

    • description: any object, created by a user inside a group holding this permission, is restricted to carry this permission
    • value: M followed by a comma-separated list of knora-admin:UserGroup

  4. Default Delete Permission (D) accompanied by a list of groups.

    • description: any object, created by a user inside a group holding this permission, is restricted to carry this permission
    • value: D followed by a comma-separated list of knora-admin:UserGroup

  5. Default Change Rights Permission (CR) accompanied by a list of groups.

    • description: any object, created by a user inside a group holding this permission, is restricted to carry this permission
    • value: CR followed by a comma-separated list of knora-admin:UserGroup

A single instance of knora-admin:DefaultObjectAccessPermission must always reference a project, but can only reference either a group (knora-admin:forGroup property), a resource class (knora-admin:forResourceClass), a property (knora-admin:forProperty), or a combination of resource class and property.

Example default object access permission instance:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/002
        rdf:type knora-admin:DefaultObjectAccessPermission ;
        knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/00FF>;
        knora-admin:forGroup knora-admin:ProjectMember ;
        knora-base:hasPermissions "CR knora-admin:Creator|M knora-admin:ProjectMember|V knora-admin:KnownUser"^^xsd:string .

This instance is setting default object access permissions to the project member group of a project, giving change right permission to the creator, modify permission to all project members, and view permission to known users. Further, this implicitly applies to all resource classes and all their properties inside the project.

Permission Precedence Rules

For both administrative permissions and default object access permissions, the resulting permissions are derived by applying precedence rules, for the case that the user is member of more than one group.

The following list is sorted by the permission precedence level in descending order:

  • permissions on knora-admin:ProjectAdmin (highest level)
  • permissions on resource classes and property combination (own project)
  • permissions on resource classes and property combination (knora-admin:SystemProject)
  • permissions on resource classes / properties (own project)
  • permissions on resource classes / properties (knora-admin:SystemProject)
  • permissions on custom groups
  • permissions on knora-admin:ProjectMember
  • permissions on knora-admin:KnownUser (lowest level)

The permissions on resource classes / properties are only relevant for default object access permissions.

Administrative Permissions: When a user performs an operation requiring administrative permissions, then only the permissions from the highest level are taken into account. If a user is a member of more than one group on the same level (only possible for custom groups) then the defined permissions are summed up and all are taken into account.

Default Object Access Permissions: When a user creates a resource or value, then only the default object permissions from the highest level are applied. If a user is a member of more than one group on the same level (only possible for custom groups) then the defined permissions are summed up and the most permissive are applied.

In the case of the user belonging to the SystemAdmin group, but which is not member of a project and thus not member of any group belonging to the project, the default object access permissions from the ProjectAdmin, ProjectMember, or KnownUser group will be applied in the order of precedence. If no permissions are defined on either of these groups, then the resulting permission will be CR knora-admin:Creator.

Implicit Permissions

The knora-admin:SystemAdmin group receives implicitly the following permissions:

  • receives implicitly ProjectAdminAllPermission for all projects.
  • receives implicitly ProjectResourceCreateAllPermission for all projects.
  • receives implicitly CR on all objects from all projects.

Theses permissions are baked into the system, and cannot be changed.

Default Permissions Matrix for new Projects

The access control matrix defines what are the default operations a subject (i.e. User), being a member of a built-in group (represented by row headers), is permitted to perform on an object (represented by column headers). The different operation abbreviations used are defined as follows:

  • C: Create - the subject inside the group is allowed to create the object.

  • U: Update - the subject inside the group is allowed to update the object.

  • R: Read - the subject inside the group is allowed to read all information about the object.

  • D: Delete - the subject inside the group is allowed to delete the object.

  • P: Permission - the subject inside the group is allowed to change the permissions on the object.

  • -: none - none or not applicable

Built-In Group Project Group User Resource Value
SystemAdmin CRUD CRUDP CRUDP all CRUDP all CRUDP all
ProjectAdmin -RUD CRUDP CRUDP +/- project CRUDP (in project) CRUDP (in project)
ProjectMember ---- ----- ----- CRU-- (in project) ----- (in project)
Creator ---- ----- ----- ----- (his resource) ----- (his value)
KnownUser C--- C---- CRUD- himself ----- (in project) ----- (in project)

Default Permissions Matrix for new Projects

The explicitly defined default permissions for a new project are as follows:

  • knora-admin:ProjectAdmin group:
  • Administrative Permissions:
    • ProjectResourceCreateAllPermission.
    • ProjectAdminAllPermission.

  • Default Object Access Permissions:

    • CR for the knora-admin:ProjectAdmin group
    • D for the knora-admin:ProjectAdmin group
    • M for the knora-admin:ProjectAdmin group
    • V for the knora-admin:ProjectAdmin group
    • RV for the knora-admin:ProjectAdmin group

  • The knora-admin:ProjectMember group:

  • Administrative Permissions:
    • ProjectResourceCreateAllPermission.
  • Default Object Access Permissions:
    • M for the knora-admin:ProjectMember group
    • V for the knora-admin:ProjectMember group
    • RV for the knora-admin:ProjectMember group

Basic Workflows involving Permissions

Creating a new Resource

Figure 1

Accessing a Resource/Value

Figure 1

Project / Group Administration

Figure 1

Implementation

The requirements for defining default permissions imposed by all the different use cases are very broad. Potentially, we need to be able to define default permissions per project, per group, per resource class, per resource property, and all their possible combinations.

For this reason, we introduce the knora-admin:Permission class with two sub-classes, namely knora-admin:AdministrativePermission and knora-admin:DefaultObjectAccessPermission, which instances will carry all the necessary information.

Permission Class Hierarchy and Structure

The following graphs show the class hierarchy and the structure of each permission class.

Permission Class Hierarchy

Figure 1

Administrative Permission Structure:

Figure 5

and the same as RDF:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/[UUID]> rdf:type knora-admin:AdministrativePermission ;
     knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/[shortcode]> ;
     knora-admin:forGroup <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]> ;
     knora-base:hasPermissions "ProjectResourceCreateAllPermission|
                                ProjectResourceCreateRestrictedPermission "<Resource Class IRI>"|
                                ProjectAdminAllPermission|
                                ProjectAdminGroupAllPermission|
                                ProjectAdminGroupRestrictedPermission "<http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]>, <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]>"|
                                ProjectAdminRightsAllPermission|
                                ProjectAdminOntologyAllPermission"^^xsd:string .

Default Object Access Permission Structure:

Figure 5

and the same as RDF:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/[UUID]> rdf:type knora-admin:DefaultObjectAccessPermission ;
     knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/[shortcode]> ;
     knora-admin:forGroup <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]> ;
     knora-admin:forResourceClass "Resource Class Name" ;
     knora-admin:forProperty "Resource Property Name" ;
     knora-base:hasPermissions "RV <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]>|
                                 V <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]>|
                                 M <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]>|
                                 D <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]>|
                                CR <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]>"^^xsd:string .

Querying Permission Instances

The properties forProject and either of forGroup, forResourceClass, and forProperty form together a compound key, allowing finding existing permission instances, that address the same set of Project / Group / ResourceClass / Property combination, thus making it possible to extend or change the attached permissions.

Administrative Permission Instances: For each group inside the project, there can be zero or one instance holding administrative permission information. Querying is straitforward by using the knora-admin:forProject and knora-admin:forGroup properties as the compound key.

Default Object Access Permission Instances: For each group, resource class, or property inside the project, there can be zero or one instances holding default object access permission informations. Querying is straitforward by using the knora-admin:forProject and either knora-admin:forGroup, knora-admin:forResourceClass, or knora-admin:forProperty properties as part of the compound key.

Example Data stored in the permissions graph

Administrative permissions on a 'ProjectAdmin' group:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/[UUID]> rdf:type knora-admin:AdministrativePermission ;
     knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/00FF> ;
     knora-admin:forGroup knora-admin:ProjectAdmin ;
     knora-base:hasPermissions "ProjectResourceCreateAllPermission|
                                ProjectAdminAllPermission"^^xsd:string .

Administrative permissions on a 'ProjectMember' group:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/[UUID]> rdf:type knora-admin:AdministrativePermission ;
     knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/00FF> ;
     knora-admin:forGroup knora-admin:ProjectMember ;
     knora-base:hasPermissions "ProjectResourceCreateAllPermission"^^xsd:string .

Administrative permission restricting project admin permission on a group:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/[UUID]> rdf:type knora-admin:Permission ;
     knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/[shortcode]> ;
     knora-admin:forGroup <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]> ;
     knora-base:hasPermissions "ProjectGroupAdminRestrictedPermission <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]>"^^xsd:string .

Administrative permission restricting resource creation for a group:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/[UUID]> rdf:type knora-admin:AdministrativePermission ;
     knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/[shortcode]> ;
     knora-admin:forGroup <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]> ;
     knora-base:hasPermissions "ProjectResourceCreateRestrictedPermission <http://www.knora.org/ontology/00FF/images#Person>"^^xsd:string .

Default object access permission on a 'ProjectMember' group:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/[UUID]> rdf:type knora-admin:DefaultObjectAccessPermission ;
     knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/00FF> ;
     knora-admin:forGroup knora-admin:ProjectMember ;
     knora-base:hasPermissions "CR knora-admin:Creator|
                                 M <http://rdfh.ch/groups/[shortcode]/[UUID]>|
                                 V knora-admin:KnownUser"^^xsd:string .

Default object access permission on a resource class:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/[UUID]> rdf:type knora-admin:DefaultObjectAccessPermission ;
     knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/[shortcode]> ;
     knora-admin:forResourceClass <http://www.knora.org/ontology/00FF/images#person> ;
     knora-base:hasPermissions "CR knora-admin:Creator,knora-admin:ProjectMember|
                                 V knora-admin:KnownUser,knora-admin:UnknownUser"^^xsd:string .

Default object access permission on a resource property:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/[UUID]> rdf:type knora-admin:DefaultObjectAccessPermission ;
     knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/[shortcode]> ;
     knora-admin:forProperty <http://www.knora.org/ontology/00FF/images#lastname> ;
     knora-base:hasPermissions "D knora-admin:ProjectMember,knora-admin:Creator|
                                V knora-admin:KnownUser,knora-admin:UnknownUser"^^ .

Default object access permission on a resource class and property:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/[UUID]> rdf:type knora-admin:DefaultObjectAccessPermission ;
     knora-admin:forProject <http://rdfh.ch/projects/[shortcode]> ;
     knora-admin:forResourceClass <http://www.knora.org/ontology/00FF/images#person> ;
     knora-admin:forProperty <http://www.knora.org/ontology/00FF/images#lastname> ;
     knora-base:hasPermissions "CR knora-admin:Creator,knora-admin:ProjectMember|
                                 V knora-admin:KnownUser,knora-admin:UnknownUser"^^xsd:string .

Default object access permission on a knora-admin property:

<http://rdfh.ch/permissions/[UUID]> rdf:type knora-admin:DefaultObjectAccessPermission ;
     knora-admin:forProject knora-admin:SystemProject ;
     knora-admin:forProperty <http://www.knora.org/ontology/knora-admin#hasStillImageFileValue> ;
     knora-base:hasPermissions "RV knora-admin:UnknownUser|
                                 V knora-admin:KnownUser|
                                 M knora-admin:ProjectMember,knora-admin:Creator"^^xsd:string .

A the time the user's UserProfile is queried, all permissions for all projects and groups the user is a member of are also queried. This information is then stored as an easy accessible object inside the UserProfile, being readily available wherever needed. As this is a somewhat expensive operation, built-in caching mechanism at different levels (e.g., UsersResponder, PermissionsResponder), will be applied.

Last update: 2022-06-22